How 4 companies control the beef industry

Corporate consolidation is making it impossible for cattle ranchers to stay afloat.

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Cattle auctions happen every day throughout the US; they serve a crucial purpose for the cattle markets. Inside one of these auctions, like the one we profile in St. Onge, South Dakota, you can see how a competitive market functions. There are multiple producers and buyers competing for a commodity, which results in a value, or price, for that commodity.

But over the past 40 years, the meatpacking sector — made up of the companies that buy and slaughter cattle for consumption — has undergone a dramatic degree of corporate consolidation. In the 1980s, the US relaxed its approach to antitrust enforcement, one tool the government uses to rein in market concentration. Today, only four companies process 85 percent of all the cattle produced in the US.

Cattle ranchers say this is affecting their ability to compete for good prices and make a living. This is one way industrialized agriculture is making it difficult for independent farmers and ranchers to stay in business in America.

For this story, we contacted Tyson Foods, Cargill, National Beef, and JBS for comment. We only received a response from Tyson: A representative shared testimony from one of the company’s executives at a recent Senate hearing. We included that in this video, and the full transcript is below:

https://www.tysonfoods.com/news/news-releases/2021/7/fresh-meats-leader-testifies-about-beef-industry-senate-hearing

This is the first episode of a series we are producing with the Future Perfect team at Vox, who explore big problems and the big ideas that can tackle them. We are calling this season The Human Cost of Meat, and future episodes will explore other ways industrial meat production has transformed the lives of people who consume meat, work in the meat industry, or live next to a factory farm.

Watch Episode 2, The chicken industry's worker safety problem: https://youtu.be/Ia3abCiYX3w
Watch Episode 3, Hog farming has a massive poop problem: https://youtu.be/WsUNylsiDH8
Further reading:

Future Perfect produced a podcast season on other ways Big Meat has changed our lives:
https://www.vox.com/future-perfect-podcast

Claire Kelloway’s reporting for Vox on Big Meat:
https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22298043/meat-antitrust-biden-vilsack

New York Times reporting on how the pandemic revealed supply chain bottlenecks:
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/business/beef-prices.html

The CEO of R-CALF USA, Bill Bullard, was a source for this story. R-CALF is in the midst of a lawsuit against the packing industry. For the latest on their case:
https://www.r-calfusa.com/minnesota-federal-court-denies-packers-motion-to-dismiss-cattle-antitrust-cases/

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